 
Plantation Proposal of Jatropha Curcas L. Jatropha Curcas L.Profile：  II. Greenhouse effect which is affected by enormous_release of (CO2) and dramatic climate change has proved to be ecologically disastrous, leading to floods, soil erosion and drought which are not endurable by each country. III. Developing reproductive replaceable energy and low-pollutant green energy have become the common environmental policy and trends. In the meantime, it is also a good reason for planting Jatropha as a source of energy. 1. Petroleum diesel oil and coal are major pollutants of CO2：almost local vans, trucks, busese, tour buses, cars, garbage trucks, heavy machinery, generators, cremators, fishing boats and the like consume much petroleum leading to huge CO2 emission. 2. In December 2007, 150 nations held a meeting in Bali and made “Bali Communique” on CO2 emission. Even Australia and USA also signed and agreed CO2 emission control policy. 3. Comply with one of our government anti-pollution policy, bio-diesel whose CO2 emission is 1% of petroleum diesel oil without any sulphide owns good lubrication, anti-pollution and safety, a major and effectively alternative energy. IV. Great market demand 1. Local policy：In July, 2008, B1 policy comes into force which means to add 1% of biodiesel in petroleum. Annul demand is over 45000 kiloliters and will increase yearly. Initial target is B20, interim target is B50, and final target is B80-B100. Added by local business demand, the demand is infinite. ※When B5 standard is in force, domestic demand for bio-diesel will reach over 250000 kiloliter/year, the demand is growing. 2. USA plans to use 75% of bio-diesel instead of petroleum in 2025. Sweden in 2020 will stop using petroleum；European Union will use B10 in 2010, B20 in 2015, yet for quicker carbon reduction to solve “greenhouse effect” issue, it will advance to 2008 to execute B20. It’s estimated that in 2008 Europe demands 20.3 million bio-diesel kiloliter/year. The oily seeds are processed into oil, which may be directly used to fuel combustion engines or may be subjected to transesterification to produce biodiesel to JC biodiesel, which can be directly used in agricultural machinery, the industrial diesel engines, the vessel engine, the train engine even the motor vehicle engine. In addition, a number of studies have shown that a stable flash point, high freezing point, lower sulfur content, emission, and fixed granular value in biodiesel than in diesel fuels “Zero” in Taiwan. Blends of bio-diesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace. Much of the world uses a system known as the “B” factor to state the amount of bio-diesel in any fuel mix： fuel containing 20% bio-diesel is labeled B20, while pure biodiesel is referred to as B100. It is common to see B99, since 1% petrodiesel is sufficiently toxic to retard mold. Blends of 20 percent bio-diesel with 80 percent petroleum diesel (B20) can generally be used in unmodified diesel engines. Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form (B100), but may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems. Jatropha Curcas L. which is well known for its “green energy” can bring us lots of economic benefits.
For example：100,000 hectares of Jatropha plantationThe price of Jatropha fuel is 25 dollars/L, the annual average seed production is 2,500 L/hectars. The annual income was calculated per 100,000 hectares：25 dollars × 2,500 × 100,000 = 6,250,000,000 dollars/year (NT)Comparing to the common diesel, the biodiesel has the following unique functions： 1. It is also resulted in 94% reductions from cancer sufferings.
Due to the high oxygen content in the bio-diesel, the smoky emission
and carbon monoxide are lower than the diesel (95% when there is
any activator), that is, the biodegradability of bio-diesel is higher
than diesel. Jatropha Curcas also is main material for bio-pesticides. It and its extract, milliamine, can prevent gredler and schistosomiasis. They are natural chemicals against dam moth. Curcas is not only vital for ecological construction but also safeguard water and soil. Furthermore, it can be made of paint, worm and cosmetics. As a result, cultivation of Jatropha Curcas can reorganize farming structure, increase revenue, contribute to our society. It leads to obvious benefit in terms of economy, ecology and society. The related side-products for industry, agriculture and medicine are perspective.
Plantation of Jatropha Curcas：Jatropha Curcas plantation won’t occupy normal farming land. It can grow on coarse ground, hill, even valley. In sub-tropical area we plant tropical species that grow up to 10 months with 4-6 periods of fruits & seeds. The trees sustain 30 years old. We plant 20-30 cm young seedlings in middle spring. With proper care, after 6 months the trees shall bloom and bear fruits. When the trees get 3 years, they can produce on large scale. As 150-160 trees grow on an acre of land, nuts volume can reach 600-700 kilograms. More than 200 kilograms can be extracted as biodiesel.Moreover, Biodiesel contains 6% glycerin and other side products that enjoy high economical value. The seed residue after extraction can be organic fertilizers as well as fuels for heating. The ash comprises nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other organic elements. The nut weight 30% of total weight can be fuels. Planting largely to lead in good seed sources, applying professional
techniques to breeding and cultivating saplings, extensively planting
along the mountainside, and proper management are all the keys for
planting this kind of tree. Planting Jatropha Curcas L. needs to conform to government’s diplomacy policy, which can help diplomatic countries plant energy crops to solve the problems commercializing the agricultural products. Jatropha Curcas L. has a adaptability of living in subtropical areas. The average temperature in planting area should be 8~35 0C. And the temperature for growth should be above 100C.The yearly effective accumulated temperature is from 2000 to 3000 degrees. The temperature for floresence of Jatropha Curcas L. can not be under 150C. And the temperature for bearing can not be under 200C. Jatropha Curcas L. is so-called “middle and long-day plant”. With
enough sunshine time, it can grow fruits abundantly and produce
high quantity of oil. Generally speaking, the required yearly sunshine
hours of Jatropha Curcas L. should be over 1000 hours.
Field selection and soil condition for Jatropha Curcas are as follows：(1) Land selection：Jatropha Curcas likes sunlight and hates waterlogging. It needs air and is heliotropic. Hence the land as the slope has a slant angle within 40 degrees in response to the direction of the sun, good filtration soil while annual solar radiation had better over 1000 hours. Therefore (1) proper soil texture (2) good permeability (3) proper PH (4) ample calcium carbonate (5) high organic content are critical for Jatropha Curcas plantation.When the land for Jatopha Curcas plantation is assured, plan will be implemented such as layout of plantation, road system, flooding system graphics. Accordingly a new built Jatrpha Curcas forest shall consider land condition, soil and other factors. No mater what scale the foest will be, we shall select adapted species to plant in Jatropha Curcas forest. (2) Before planting, remove all the dirt and hazardous residue on the surface of the land. For planting spacing of Jatropha Curcas, dig a planting hole in advance, this spacing will 40cm × 40cm, the average distance between the two rows should be 100~150 cm, then the penetrated nature of the soil will 20 mm/hour. (3) Spacing distance：Time for planting Jatropha Curcas is often in spring or late summer and early autumn. Planting bare root seedlings is prior to their germination in spring. After germination survival rate can reach over 98%. Fixed tree will be adjusted for spacing distance in accordance with land conditions. Along with present intensive cultivation of Jatropha Curcas, foreign plantation of Jatropha Curcas tends to high density planting. Current planting density and spacing in the rows & row spacing is 15cm × 200cm, 200cm × 200cm, (2) rectangle, in the rows & row spacing is 100cm × 150cm, 100cm × 200cm. (4) Planting the seedlings：While planting the seedlings of Jatropha Curcas L., we have to place the seedlings in the holes, which have been filled with soil and fertilizer. To prevent roots from curving, we need to extend the roots and place them at the surface of soil in the hole. After placing the seedlings, add some soil at the middle height of roots, and then press the soil around the seedlings. Back up with earth as a circular soil plate, and sprinkle some water. In the case of planting the seedlings during the rainy season, we don’t need to water and irrigate the seedlings. (5) Drainage：It’s not a problem for Jatropha Curcas growing on hills and mounds, only those on flat land and plain require drainage. When we build such Jatropha Curcas field, drainage system is established. Ditches can be on the surface and underground. (6) Forest canopy：To fully utilize Jatropha Curcas
field, increase revenue, as well as protect soil, we can consider
intercrop, such as herb planting. By using empty land to grow grass,
bean, herbs and green manure. We can turn them into soils and increase
humus. Growing grass can improve soil fertilization and utilize
solar energy. During rain season, it can prevent surface runoff
and loss of water & soil. (8) Prune & trim：Based on foreign plantation of Jatropha Curcas, pruning and trimming is good for Jatropha Curcas’s optimum growth bearing health fruits and producing maximum economical effect. Now the main tree shape includes (1) Pyramid-shaped, a traditional shape whose features tall tree, receiving more light with high individual yield. (9) Fruit pick-up：when to pick up fruits depends on actual condition. When the fruit skin turns dark red, it indicates oil content increasing. When the fruit skin becomes dark, it contains maximum oil In a world, pick up the fruit when it’s mature and we can obtain maximum with prima quality. Early pick up while it’s green leads to low oil gains. However, each tree matures at different speed. We may pick up the fruit when 70-80% of the trees come to maturity. Presently there are two methods to pick up fruits. (1) Hand picked：lay plastic cloths on 7 meter square ground the trunk and use clipper to pick. (2) lay cloths to wait natural falling：lay plastic cloths around the shadow of the trunk. When the fruits fall naturally on the cloths, we pile them together in a bag. (10) Fruit storage：After picking fruits, they are delivered in time to a fixed site, thenm have the nuts off and put them into gunnysacks. Upon storing, never pile them densely. The fruits shall keep in a single layer with good ventilation, keep them away from humid and dark place to prevent heating, fermentation or rot.
Current global status for biodiesel：Bio-diesel is better than petroleum diesel in flammability. In addition, the emission of carbon dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carcinogens, and smoke of biodiesel are lower than petroleum diesel. The percentage of the renewable energy will account for 20% of the total energy in 15 years under the plan of European Union. In 2006, there are 250,000,000 gallons (943,000 tons) of biodiesel in USA. There will be 650,000,000 gallons (2,453,000 tons) of bio-diesel in 2015.U.S.A Compared to Japan and Europe, the production and use of bio-diesel in U.S.A. slightly lagged behind at first stage, but it catches up afterward. On the basis of statistics in 2005, the production and use of bio-diesel in U.S.A. has been at the top place in the world. Currently the bio-diesel is mainly provided for government, school and military vehicles. Furthermore, it is also for the use of city bus, vehicles and yachts in tourist resorts. In respect of agriculture, most of bio-diesel fuel is self-produced. In Clark County, located in the U.S.A. State of Nevada, bio-diesel has become the basic fuel for 1200 local school buses. In Kentucky State, bio-diesel is alternatively provided for 600 school buses in 9 campuses. The evidence indicates that using bio-diesel can prolong the life span and maintenance period of engine, saving a large sum of maintenance expenses. Some of city bus teams in U.S.A. have been completely provided on bio-diesel, such as Cedar City of Iowa State, St. Louis of Missouri state, Oklahoma City of Oklahoma State, Seattle and Olympia of Washington State, Raleigh of North Carolina and Springfield of Illinois. The comments of passengers are：the smell of bio-diesel is not pungent as gasoline, and the emission of exhaust fume is also apparently reduced, which seems more effective in good health. Currently speaking, U.S.A. military is the largest bio-diesel consumer, their yearly using amount can be reached more than 20,000,000 liters, mainly used in some non-combatant transportation. Normally they use a blend of 20% bio-diesel (B20). In fact, the using amount of bio-diesel has been growing annually, so the military’s bio-diesel using amount are not attracted by people’s attention. In recent years, most of U.S.A. National Parks also participate in using bio-diesel. For instance, since 2002, there have been more than 300 park’s vehicles in Yellowstone National Park alternatively using B20 diesel. And in Mammoth Cave National Park of Kentucky, bio-diesel is widely used for most vehicles and machines, including tractors, trimming machines, lawnmowers, and even tourist yachts. In Channel Islands National Park of California State, two tourist boats are being used 100% bio-diesel(B100). Base on those positive effects, U.S.A. National Park Service has recommended bio-diesel shall be used in all local parks. We expect when bio-diesel is being used, all US National Parks will present with a cleaner environment in coming soon. Bio-diesel was available in Europe for the first time. Currently, there are hundreds of bio-diesel factories with the yields of millions of tons per year. GermanyThere are around 650,000 tons of bio-diesel every year. Most of them are specified as per 100% “pure bio-diesel”(B100) and are being sold. At present, the large amount of bio-diesel are selling to the highest class rental transportation companies, i.e., BMW rental companies. So do heavy vehicles such as the public motors companies, traveler vehicles, and yachts. France The current producing amount of bio-diesel in France is approximately around 360,000 tons. Different from Germany, the bio-diesel in France is usually provided as oil additives. The petroleum companies add 5% to 30% bio-diesel (B5~B30) to the oil tank of gas station, so people have been unknowingly suing such a kind of new diesel. Indeed most gas stations will post the notice or concern. McDonald’s in France signs a long-term agreement with local bio-diesel producers. Every year the waste oil provided by McDonald’s can produce more than 1,000 tons of bio-diesel. Italy In Italy, according to the data collected in 2004, the production yields of bio-diesel are about 200,000 tons, most for the use of residential warm-up. The public motor vehicles in various cities are accepted to use bio-diesel. In Asia, Japan, and India, the newcomers of developing countries are using bio-diesel. There are also developing bio-diesel as another energy source in China, however, under the restriction circumstances of raw materials and climates. In spite of that, such regenerating oil products possess a potential ability in a perspective market. India India is also a populous country who lacking of energy sources so the development of alternative energy in India is naturally beyond other countries. In recent years, the development of bio-diesel in India has a great progress. Different from other countries, the main oil plant in India is Jatropha Curcas L., which is suitable for local climate and soil. And these plants need less living requirements, so they can survive in some soil which is not suitable for other crops. Under the great encouragement of its government, many people in those faraway agricultural lands gain a great improvement in living due to planting Jatropha Curcas L. For instance, some extremely impoverished places in Southern India are scanty of electric power. Since 2002, people there started to use perennial Jatropha Curcas L., then their livings have been continually improved. The bio-diesel is made by Jatropha Curcas L. can generate electricity, and also solve the problem of tap water supplies. Planting Jatropha Curcas L. has become a profitable for farmeres who can affort a better life. Another example in Karnataka of Southern India, which is in drought and the agricultural development there is extremely sluggish. Since the residents have been started to plant Jatropha Curcas L., they begin to exploit deep well, irrigate farmlands, and plant many knids of crops, such as watermelons and canes. They are staying away from poverty and are enjoying for self-sufficiency.
Plantation Plan of Jatropha Curcas L.I. The best planting places are subtropical regions such as Guangdong Province, Guangxi Province in China and Hainan Island.Others plant places：tropical countries including Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Brunei Darussalam. II. Area of Plantation：the plantation methods are incremental. It is scheduled to be a total area of 200,000 Hectares in 2015.
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